Right to Life

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An Update on the Relationship Between IHL and IHRL, Lex Specialis and Recent Developments

The past couple of years have seen a substantial number of new developments regarding the relationship between international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL). These include what is probably the most significant judicial engagement ever with this relationship – the 2025 European Court of Human Rights Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia merits judgment – as well as three advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice (2024 Policies and Practices; 2025 Climate Change; 2025 UNRWA AOs). There are many notable aspects of these decisions (see here, here, here, here, here, here and here). One, however, is of particular interest: how the ECtHR and the ICJ have clearly abandoned lex specialis as the conceptual framing of the IHL/IHRL relationship. This is, in my view, very much a good thing. What these courts have instead been doing is to apply IHL and IHRL simultaneously, while…

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From “Blinking Red” to AMIA: An Emerging Standard of Intelligence Failure Under the Right to Life

On 1 September 2004, more than a thousand people were taken hostage in School No. 1 in Beslán, North Ossetia. Three days later, at least 334 of them — including 186 children — were dead. On 18 July 1994, a vehicle laden with explosives detonated in front of the headquarters of the AMIA — the Asociación Mutual…

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The Twice-Coerced Zambia and the Synergy Between Human Rights Violations and Prohibited Intervention

Last week, like many other scholars and activists, I was due to participate in RightsCon, the leading conference on human rights in the digital age. This year it was supposed to take place in Zambia, with thousands of participants. The conference is organised by Access Now. They had for many months directly cooperated with the…

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Forced Sterilisation before the Inter-American Court: Between Progress and Silence in Ramos Durand v. Peru

On 5 March, the Inter-American Court on Human Rights (IACtHR) notified its long-awaited judgment in Celia Edith Ramos Durand v. Peru. The case concerns the forced sterilisation of Celia Edith Ramos Durand and stands for thousands of predominantly Indigenous women who were sterilised under coercive conditions in Peru in the late 1990s. It is only the second…

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The Court That Built the Advisory Opinion It Refused to Complete: OC-30/25 on Arms Trafficking, Corporate Immunity, and the Reach of Advisory Jurisdiction

Mexico’s effort to hold the gun industry to account has now encountered an institutional setback in San José. Its request for an advisory opinion raised six questions before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). This post examines, against a more expansive account of OC-30/25 offered here, whether laws granting public or private arms-industry companies…

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