States and Statehood

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The Legality of Recognizing Somaliland

On 26 December 2025, Israel became the first state to formally recognize Somaliland as a state. The reactions of the international community have ranged between negative, cautious, neutral and silence. While Somaliland has welcomed Israel’s recognition, others have argued that its recognition is unwise, dangerous and illegal. This contribution will explore the legal contours of state recognition and whether the recognition of Somaliland is a breach of international law. At the outset it should be said that I have advised the government of Somaliland on matters of recognition in the past, though this contribution is in my personal capacity.

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The Prohibitions of Threat of Force Revisited: Greenland, Credibility and International Law

In the beginning of January, following reported United States actions against Venezuela and threats by President Trump against Cuba, Colombia and Mexico, there were renewed statements by President Trump regarding the annexation of Greenland. President Trump stated that “we need Greenland from the standpoint of national security". On 6 January, it was reported that the…

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The Davos Trap on Greenland

The dispute about Greenland has been conducted by the US as a zero-sum game. Either ‘ownership’ over Greenland would be handed over to Washington, or else economic sanctions or worse would be applied to Denmark and her European allies. It was all or nothing until earlier this week.  There is a general sense that NATO…

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Britain’s Legal Responsibility for Applying the Balfour Declaration in Palestine and for Its Tenure There

Is Britain legally accountable for holding Palestine between the world wars? Does its implementation there of the Balfour Declaration open it, presently, to claim for reparation, under the law of state responsibility? Three distinct positions are seen. For scholars like James Crawford and Malcolm Shaw, the issue of reparation does not arise, for they consider that what…

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From “Original Intentions” to “Unforeseeable Change of Circumstances”: The 2025 Escalation of Pressure Towards the ECtHR

While “[t]oday, Europe faces the perfect storm” that, in the words of the Secretary General, “threatens to undo the peace, stability and hard-won progress the Council of Europe has helped deliver across an entire continent over the past 75 years”, it appears that European States not only forgot that they adopted in 1950 the European Convention on…

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