Could Russia be Suspended from the United Nations?

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The General Assembly is currently meeting in Emergency Special Session on Ukraine, and will likely pass a resolution condemning Russia’s aggression, demanding the withdrawal of troops, and urging a peaceful resolution to the crisis. Such a resolution will be an important step, but also begs the question: if these appeals for peace are not heeded, what could be the Assembly’s next step? 

The possibility of the General Assembly recommending sanctions has been considered in a previous post on this forum. This post considers the possibility of the Assembly going further still, and suspending Russia from the UN.

The possibility of a member state being suspended from the UN is described by article 5 of the UN Charter. That article states that: ‘a member of the UN against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.’ In case of any ambiguity in the text of this article (which there really isn’t), the UN Office of Legal Affairs has confirmed that the General Assembly may only exercise its power of suspension if: (a) preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council against that member; and (b) the Council has recommended the suspension (see here, at p. 170).

Article 5 does not provide a basis for Russia’s suspension from the UN, because the Security Council hasn’t taken preventive or enforcement action against Russia, and even if it had, Russia would presumably veto a resolution recommending its own suspension.  It’s not possible to get around the veto issue by arguing that a Security Council resolution recommending suspension would be procedural in nature – and as such, not subject to the veto – because article 18(2) of the Charter lists ‘the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership’ as an ‘important question’.

Article 5 of the Charter is not completely the end of the road on suspension, however.

There are two dimensions to a state’s participation in the UN: the actual membership of the state (the subject of article 5 of the Charter); and the representation of that state at the General Assembly’s sessions. Matters of representation are considered in the context of the General Assembly’s credentials process, which is the process by which the Assembly assesses the eligibility of individual delegates to represent their states at the Assembly’s annual sessions.  The process is essentially procedural in nature. It is regulated not by the UN Charter but by the Assembly’s rules of procedure, which state that ‘[t]he credentials of representatives … shall be submitted to the Secretary General if possible not less than one week before the opening of the session’, and that they shall be ‘issued either by the Head of the State or Government or by the Minister for Foreign Affairs.’ 

While the credentials process is usually a procedural one, from time to time the process inevitably requires the General Assembly to make a judgment regarding the legitimacy of the government (or regime) that a delegate represents. Such is the case when two competing authorities claim at once to represent their state, as was the case last year in relation to Afghanistan (Taliban vs deposed government in exile) and Myanmar (junta vs National Unity Government). In such situations, the credentials process effectively gives the General Assembly the power to decide which authority should be regarded as the legitimate representative of the state – at least so far as the UN is concerned. 

Russia, however, is not a case of competing authorities claiming at once to represent the same state, but one government seriously violating peremptory norms of international law as well as the principles of the UN. Can the credentials process feasibly be exploited to suspend a state in such circumstances, as a way of circumventing article 5? The answer is yes, because it has been done before.

The General Assembly has on two occasions used the credentials process to effectively suspend a state from the UN. The most recent was in relation to Cambodia in 1997, when the Assembly received credentials from two competing authorities, both claiming to represent Cambodia. The Assembly decided to defer its decision on credentials, explicitly on the understanding that Cambodia’s seat at the Assembly would remain temporarily unoccupied (see here and here). The particular circumstance pertaining to that decision was that there was a process of national reconciliation underway, which the Assembly did not wish to influence (see discussion here).

The much more pertinent example is South Africa in 1974.  In the context of international condemnation of apartheid, in the early 1960s the General Assembly passed a resolution calling on the Security Council to consider expelling South Africa from the UN pursuant to article 6 of the UN Charter, however the proposal was not supported by the Council’s five permanent members. In the early 1970s the Assembly consistently declined to accept South Africa’s credentials (see here, for eg), and in 1974, the General Assembly President ruled that this meant that South Africa was excluded from participating in the work of the UN. Specifically, the President said that: ‘on the basis of the consistency with which the General Assembly has regularly refused to accept the credentials of the delegation of South Africa, one may legitimately infer that the General Assembly would in the same way reject the credentials of any other delegation authorised by the Government of the Republic of South Africa to represent it, which is tantamount to saying in explicit terms that the General Assembly refuses to allow the delegation of South Africa to participate in its work’ (see Jhabvala, p. 615). Thus, as Alison Duxbury explains, ‘in using the credentials process in this way, the General Assembly effectively sidestepped the article 5 requirement that both the major political organs of the UN must be involved in a suspension decision’.

The legality of the Assembly’s action in relation to South Africa is contested. A 1970 opinion of the UN Legal Counsel asserts that ‘the participation in meetings of the General Assembly is … one of the important rights and privileges of membership’, and that ‘suspension of this right through the rejection of credentials would not satisfy the [requirements of article 5] and would therefore be contrary to the Charter.’ On this view, with which several scholars agree (eg, Schermers and Blokker, p. 222), the Assembly’s exclusion of South Africa was clearly ultra vires. Other scholars disagree, however. Jhabvala, for example, asserts that the suspension of South Africa was intra vires, if only because of the ‘legal gap’ and ‘political latitude’ that characterises the credentials rules and process; and even Schermers and Blokker concede that ‘there is general disagreement’ regarding whether the credentials process can be used to exclude a state from the UN – they suggest that ‘generally Western countries reject’ such a possibility, whereas ‘other countries are mostly in favour of it’. Other scholars take a middle ground, regarding the Assembly’s practice on South Africa as perhaps not quite illegal, but as ‘sui generis, not as establishing a practice that substitutes the General Assembly for the Security Council as the UN organ empowered to suspend or expel members’ (Halberstam, p. 191).

Whatever view one takes on the question of legality, the fact is that the General Assembly has used the credentials process to exclude a state from the UN. On this point, it is pertinent to recall the well-established principle applicable to the interpretation of the constituent instruments of international organisations, that such organisations are – as a starting point at least – responsible for interpreting their own powers. In the case of the UN, this was made clear at the time of the drafting of the Charter. The question of which organ should be responsible for interpreting the Charter was assigned to a sub-committee, and the report of that committee – ultimately accepted – said that each organ of the UN was expected to ‘interpret such parts of the Charter as are applicable to its particular functions’ (see Goodrich, p. 251). Louis Sohn asserts simply that ‘if the General Assembly thinks action is necessary, it can take it.’ In relation to South Africa in 1974, the Assembly did think that action was necessary, and it did take it, and there is no reason in international law that it could not do so in again in relation to Russia/Ukraine. The credentials of Russia’s current representative to the UN were accepted by the General Assembly last year, but under the Assembly’s rules of procedure it is open to any member state to raise an objection to that representative, in which case he would remain seated provisionally, ‘until the Credentials Committee has reported and the General Assembly has given its decision’.

It’s unlikely to be the option pursued in the Assembly’s first resolution on Ukraine, but given the extent to which international law is being undermined, nothing should be off the table. 

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Nicolas Boeglin says

March 1, 2022

Dear Professor Barber

Many thanks for your extremely interesting post.

The question I have is the following: do you consider that by isolating a country from international framework and mechanisms you really obtain changes in its attitude? Except South Africa precedent, any other example you have in mind, at universal o regional level?

At regional level in Latin America, Venezuela took the decision to withdraw OAS Charter in April 2017, and Nicaragua announced the same last November 2021. In 2009, a Resolution of OAS General Assembly invited Cuba to reintegrate fully OAS, with no success at the day of today. In my view, these cases (but there are maybe others) show us that more international critics and pressure a State receives, more interest its authorities have to leave an international framework, but I´m maybe wrong.

Yours sincerely

Nicolas Boeglin

anon says

March 1, 2022

What would be the point of throwing Russia out of the UN? For the life of me I can't understand these calls. Isn't the whole point of the UN is to facilitate discussions and dialogue, especially with non-like minded states? Isn't the fact that everybody's in, is the UN's biggest advantage? What about cooperation on issues such as climate change, human trafficking, etc? And who's next? China? The US once Trump comes back to power? Shall we keep the UN a clean, nice place, reflecting of our own liberal and homogenous facebook feed? and how will this action affect harm Russia?
This is not to say that the West should not do (much) more, but leaders should be smart about it and avoid counter-productive action.

Brian McGarry says

March 1, 2022

Thank you for this fascinating analysis, and persuasive characterization of the Assembly's interpretative authority.

Aside from the time required for the credential committee's review, I wonder if you think a permanent member's continued representation at the Council raises any questions distinct from South Africa's representation in the Assembly.

For example, one could interpret Art 9(2) of the Charter ("Each Member shall have not more than five representatives in the General Assembly") as accommodating zero representatives. Harder to infer the same from the entitlement in Art 23(3) ("Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative").

Perhaps these extraordinary times call for an extraordinary interpretation of the Secretary-General's role under the Council's rules of procedure?
https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/rop/chapter-3

Rebecca Barber says

March 3, 2022

Dear Nicolas and anon,

Thanks for your comments. I'm afraid I don't feel equipped to delve into the political implications of excluding Russia from the UN, and whether that would in fact be at all constructive, I feel that's a job for the diplomats and political analysts not a lawyer. Of course anon is right that the UN's great advantage is having everyone in the tent, but perhaps there are also times when a line is crossed such as in the South African apartheid situation (noting, though, that South Africa was not expelled from the UN, just temporarily precluded from participating).

More to the point, though, I think there is interest right now in understanding all the options that are available, in international law, when the Security Council is unable to fulfil its responsibilities. Presumably the particular option explored in this post will never be utilised (and my post does not suggest it should be), but I believe it is useful for those engaged in the discussions to know how far the GA could feasibly go. And from an advocacy perspective, putting options on the table that are overly ambitious and not even necessarily in themselves constructive or realistic can sometimes nevertheless help to raise expectations and up the ante in discussions about what might really be possible.