Use of Force

“Some reconcilement of remotest mind, Leaves [H]ormuz rubyless, and Ophir chill.” Hart Crane (1899–1932) With the United States waging an illegal war against Iran to reshape the architecture of the Middle East, the architecture of the Hormuz Strait may now be reshaped, moving toward its own “Malacca Moment”: a…

On 28 February 2026, the US and Israel launched a coordinated aerial attack on Iran. The Iranian response included not only the use of force against Israeli and US targets, but also against the territories of several States which were not directly involved in the attacks conducted by the US and Israel. Consequently, the whole region was embroiled…

From April 13 to June 18, the U.S.A implemented a blockade against Iran. As part of the blockade enforcement, on June 9th, it attacked the Palau-flagged oil tanker M/T Settebello 20 miles north-east of Sohar in Oman’s Exclusive Economic Zone, resulting in the deaths of three Indian sailors onboard – the first direct deaths…

As Russia’s war against Ukraine rages, inflicting suffering on the country, its people, and economy, the Russian Central Bank (RCB) assets remain immobilised (i.e., frozen). Since December 2025, the EU, on whose territory a significant chunk of these assets has been immobilised, – €210 bn worth of assets out of approximately €290 bn  – modified the legal…