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Rethinking the Hormuz Toll Debate: Can Coastal States Monetize Maritime Security?

“Some reconcilement of remotest mind, Leaves [H]ormuz rubyless, and Ophir chill.” Hart Crane (1899–1932) With the United States waging an illegal war against Iran to reshape the architecture of the Middle East, the architecture of the Hormuz Strait may now be reshaped, moving toward its own “Malacca Moment”: a shift toward cooperative arrangements between strait and user states to finance safe navigation. From the medieval customs collected by the rulers of Hormuz to the Portuguese cartaz system after 1515, successive powers sought to regulate maritime traffic through mechanisms that combined commercial, strategic, and security objectives. Yet, as Iran’s MFA spokesman recently put it, the Strait of Hormuz remained open “from the time of Adam” up until the US/Israeli aggression in February 2026.

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The Legality of the Use of Interstate Force during the 2026 Israel/US-Iran Hostilities: What States Said and did not Say

On 28 February 2026, the US and Israel launched a coordinated aerial attack on Iran. The Iranian response included not only the use of force against Israeli and US targets, but also against the territories of several States which were not directly involved in the attacks conducted by the US and Israel. Consequently, the whole region was embroiled…

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At Peace, Yet Under Fire – Blockade Enforcement against Third State Vessels and the U.N Charter

From April 13 to June 18, the U.S.A implemented a blockade against Iran. As part of the blockade enforcement, on June 9th, it attacked the Palau-flagged oil tanker M/T Settebello 20 miles north-east of Sohar in Oman’s Exclusive Economic Zone, resulting in the deaths of three Indian sailors onboard – the first direct deaths…

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EJIL: The Podcast! Episode 44: One Strait, Many Chokepoints: International Law and the New Geopolitics of Energy

The war in the Middle East has plunged the world into yet another crisis. Days are paced by minute-by-minute updates: at first, tragic reports of civilian deaths and incendiary threats from US President Donald Trump, now fragile peace negotiations between the United States and Iran. The closure of the Strait of Hormuz has spiked oil prices and placed…

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Sovereign Darkness: Iran’s Internet Blackout and the Four-Body Problem of International Law

By 21 April 2026, Iran’s internet blackout had entered its fifty-third consecutive day, the longest nationwide internet disruption ever recorded (NetBlocks; IODA Iran shutdown report). Connectivity remained at approximately one per cent of pre-war levels. The shutdown was costing the economy an estimated $35–40 million per day in direct losses, rising to $70–80 million when indirect…

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