States and Statehood

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Beyond Forcible Relocation: Article 49(6) and State-Facilitated Settlement in Occupied Territory

Russia does not forcibly relocate its civilians into the occupied territories of Ukraine. Instead, it relies on an array of incentives, including preferential mortgages, employment programmes and tax benefits to increase the attractiveness of relocation. This gives rise to a question under the law of occupation: when does voluntary settlement of the Occupying Power's civilian population amount to transfer prohibited by Article 49(6) of the Fourth Geneva Convention?…

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Two Weeks in Review: 10—21 August 2026

As we swelter through late summer, a hardy few have retained a cool hold over their critical faculties. In the last two weeks, attention has turned chiefly to the ICC: from the in absentia convictions of members of the Rapid Support Forces, to the removal of ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan, and a decision recognising that a State Party…

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Must States Control Their Borders? The Ceuta Crisis and International Law

Ceuta, a Spanish city on the North African coast with a population of approximately 80,000, experienced an unprecedented mass influx of people during the last week of July. Around 70,000 people, mostly Moroccan nationals but also persons from other countries, entered the territory irregularly. Although the precise causes remain uncertain, the immediate trigger appears to…

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A “Free Economic Zone” as an Element of Peace for Ukraine?

At various points in recent months, proposals have been made to create a “free economic zone” in parts of Ukraine’s territory. These proposals seem to pursue at least two different purposes. First, they can be understood as an alternative solution to questions of a territorial nature, i.e. creating a territorial arrangement which involves neither full Ukrainian sovereignty over…

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Who Pays for Aggression? Ukraine’s Reparation Claims and Russian Frozen Assets

As Russia’s war against Ukraine rages, inflicting suffering on the country, its people, and economy, the Russian Central Bank (RCB) assets remain immobilised (i.e., frozen). Since December 2025, the EU, on whose territory a significant chunk of these assets has been immobilised, – €210 bn worth of assets out of approximately €290 bn  – modified the legal…

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