Principle of Non-Intervention

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Expropriation, Oil and the Prohibition on the Use of Force: Justification Narratives and the Effectiveness of International Law in the Venezuela Crisis

The US military intervention in Venezuela amounts to a manifest breach of the prohibition on the use of force under international law. Neither self-defence nor authorization by the UN Security Council can be invoked to justify the use of military force under these circumstances. The operation also clearly violates the principle of non-intervention, as it was explicitly aimed to remove a sitting head of State. Criminal allegations raised by the US government against Nicolás Maduro, including accusations related to drug trafficking, do not alter this legal assessment. Even if such allegations were substantiated, they could not provide a legal basis for the use of armed force on the territory of another State.

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Some Further Thoughts on the Illegal US Attack on Venezuela: Self-Defence, Cyber, and Continuing Coercion

In this post, I want to provide a couple of thoughts on some aspects of the unlawful US attack on Venezuela on 3 January. Before doing so, however, I should simply say that I completely endorse the analyses of colleagues here on EJIL: Talk! and on Just Security. The illegality of the US…

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Trump’s Illegal Attack on Venezuela and Its Consequences

Early on Saturday morning, 3 January, the United States attacked Venezuela. Aerial strikes were carried out in Caracas, Miranda, La Guaira, and Aragua, alongside covert operations conducted by special forces on the ground – actions later described by President Donald Trump as ‘an assault like people have not seen since World War II’. From an operational…

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Countering the Coup in Benin: A jus ad bellum perspective

On 7 December in Benin, a small group of soldiers attempted a coup d’État. Early in the morning, after gunfire was heard around the presidency, eight armed soldiers appeared on national television, presenting themselves as the Comité militaire pour la refondation (CMR). They announced that they had deposed President Patrice Talon and proclaimed Lieutenant-Colonel Pascal Tigri as…

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Effective Opposition to Summary Executions in an Escalating Phony War at Sea

President Donald Trump’s attacks on small boats in the Caribbean and Pacific began on September 2, 2025.  To date, 87 people have been killed in 23 incidents, all on the high seas. The President has justified the killings by labeling the individuals involved “narco-terrorists” and linking his policy to the terror wars of his…

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