Pre-emptive Self Defence

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U.S.’s moves to label Brazilian crime syndicates as “terrorist organizations”: a prelude to the use of force?

On March 6th, 2026, the United States re-ignited their pressure on Brazil to designate two major Brazilian crime syndicates, PCC (Primeiro Comando da Capital) and Comando Vermelho, as “terrorist organizations”. In this post, I will introduce the U.S. practice to label Latin American drug syndicates “terrorist organizations”, and outline how this raises issues in relation to how international law regulates the use of force and non-intervention. I will then briefly discuss the problems that arise from classifying drug cartels as “terrorists” more broadly,  and the particularities of the Brazilian context. I will conclude that it does not appear that the U.S. will make immediate use of the “terrorism” label to employ illegal armed force against Brazil, as it has in other places in Latin America. However, it is clear that the Trump administration is trying to use the potential of a threat of armed force that comes from such classification to interfere in the upcoming Brazilian presidential elections. This is itself a violation of the rule of non-intervention, and of Brazilian sovereignty.

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Two Weeks in Review: 23 February—6 March 2026

Here we go again? Last weekend saw yet another shock to the system, as the US and Israel launched an armed attack on Iran: the last week on the blog has seen some initial reactions. These are joined by analyses of the hard-fought (and already faltering?) EU-Mercosur trade agreement, regional shifts in dispute settlement under UNCLOS, an apparently…

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The American-Israeli Strikes on Iran are (Again) Manifestly Illegal

After weeks of threats, the United States, joined by Israel, has launched military strikes against Iran. It remains to be seen whether these strikes will be fairly limited, or are the opening of an extended conflict. Whatever happens, though, one thing is clear – that this use of force by the US and Israel is manifestly illegal. It…

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The Illegal Israeli-American Use of Force Against Iran: A Follow-Up

Yesterday, the United States joined Israel in its use of force against Iran by conducting a precision bombing operation targeting Iranian nuclear sites. Like Israel’s use of force before it, this use of force by the United States is, in my view, quite clearly illegal – a breach of the prohibition on the use of force…

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Israel’s Use of Force Against Syria and the Right of Self-Defense

On December 8, the rebel group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), augmented by other rebel forces, successfully overthrew the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad following more than five decades of rule by his family. As Assad’s regime fell, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) began a bombing campaign involving hundreds of air strikes in Syria against missiles, air…

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