Occupation

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Beyond Forcible Relocation: Article 49(6) and State-Facilitated Settlement in Occupied Territory

Russia does not forcibly relocate its civilians into the occupied territories of Ukraine. Instead, it relies on an array of incentives, including preferential mortgages, employment programmes and tax benefits to increase the attractiveness of relocation. This gives rise to a question under the law of occupation: when does voluntary settlement of the Occupying Power's civilian population amount to transfer prohibited by Article 49(6) of the Fourth Geneva Convention?…

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Trade with the Settlements: How EU Law Points the Way Out of the Deadlock

The International Court of Justice’s Advisory Opinion of 2024 on Legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Terrritory, including East Jerusalem has prompted many scholarly comments on third states’ obligations to react to violations of international law by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) (notably here and…

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Two Weeks in Review: 13—24 July 2026

The last fortnight has seen commentators focus primarily on conflict, climate, and immigration. A mini-symposium has ranged over a number of legal questions raised by a potential Russia-Ukraine peace treaty: from  VCLT rules on treaty validity and security guarantees, to free economic zones and the question of the reconstruction of Ukraine through seized assets of the Russian Central…

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Christopher Nolan and International Law

Sand Tomorrow, Christopher Nolan’s The Odyssey will come clattering into cinemas around the world. There will no doubt be talk of plotlines, performances, accents, and fidelity to the source text—perhaps even some mentions of the curious absence of Greek actors. There is less likely to be talk about sand. But the…

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When Blockade Goes Global: The Sumud Flotilla Interceptions and the Legality of Israel’s Gaza Blockade

In the early hours of 30 April 2026, Israeli naval forces boarded 22 vessels of the Global Sumud Flotilla near Crete, roughly 600 nautical miles from Gaza and apprehending approximately 175 civilian activists. A few weeks later, on 19 May 2026, the Israeli Navy intercepted a second wave of 54 vessels about 70 nautical miles…

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