Human Rights

Page 2 of 221

Filter category

Feature post image

Harmonizing the Fragmented Right to Education: The Proposed Free Education Optional Protocol

Nothing inherent in children’s development explains why their right to education should be more or less accessible depending on whether they are 4, 8, or 16. Yet international law treats financial barriers to education as more or less problematic depending on their stage of childhood. For primary education, the obligation to remove fees is clear and urgent. For secondary education, it is weaker and easier to postpone. For pre-primary education, there’s largely silence. This uneven approach, arbitrary on its face, is one reason why states are considering a new Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The protocol would guarantee free public pre-primary and secondary education, and recognize early childhood care and education as part of the right to education.

Read more

From Specificity to Institutional Reliability: J.B. v. Greece and Diplomatic Assurances

On 26 May 2026, the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) delivered its judgment in J.B. v. Greece (no. 54796/16). The case concerns the potential removal of a Syrian national from Greece to Türkiye under the EU-Türkiye Statement of 18 March 2016, following the rejection of his asylum claim on safe third country grounds. The…

Read more

Must States Control Their Borders? The Ceuta Crisis and International Law

Ceuta, a Spanish city on the North African coast with a population of approximately 80,000, experienced an unprecedented mass influx of people during the last week of July. Around 70,000 people, mostly Moroccan nationals but also persons from other countries, entered the territory irregularly. Although the precise causes remain uncertain, the immediate trigger appears to…

Read more

Standing and Remedies in Climate Litigation:  How TotalEnergies Echoes KlimaSeniorinnen

The TotalEnergies climate case, whose merits were partially decided by the Paris Judicial Court in June, illustrates how associations may be the gateway through which rights-based climate cases survive. In that case, local governments and NGOs originally brought claims together against the French oil giant. They argued that TotalEnergies’ statutorily-required due diligence plan was incomplete because it…

Read more

Towards a Fit-for-Purpose International Drug Control System

The Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) is the United Nations commission with primary responsibility for the application of the three drug conventions. At its 68th session in 2025, it adopted Resolution 68/6 on the establishment of an independent expert panel to review the implementation of those…

Read more