History of International Law

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80 Years After Nuremberg’s Foundational Moment: On the Current Situation of the Crime of Aggression

The text below is a reproduction of Prof Dr Claus Kreß’ keynote address at the 2026 Nuremberg Forum, as delivered on 7 October at Court Room 600, Nuremberg. As readers of the blog know, we occasionally publish longer texts or lectures that we consider speak significantly to the moment. ‘If this be an innovation, it is an innovation we are prepared to defend and to justify’ This statement by Britain’s Chief Prosecutor Sir Hartley Shawcross formed an essential part of the Prosecution’s response to the legality challenge submitted Hermann Jahrreiß, a professor from my home university of Cologne, on behalf of the German defence at Nuremberg against the charge of the crime of aggression. Indeed, the Nuremberg charge of crimes against peace – the original name for the crime of aggression – did contain an element of innovation. After the first World War, Britain and France had fought hard to move forward to ‘un droit international nouveau’, a ‘new international law’ which should include at its core aggression as a…

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The ICJ’s Unwritten Rulebook: Regional Succession and Institutional Equilibrium

For almost eighty years, United Nations Member States have behaved as if a mandate required them to maintain regional continuity in elections to the International Court of Justice. Yet, the Court's Statute contains no such rule. Article 9 requires only that the Court, taken as a whole, represent “the principal legal systems and civilizations of the world”;…

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From Survival to Justice: A Conversation with Judge Theodor Meron

Few figures in international law have witnessed and influenced its development as much as Judge Theodor Meron. A Holocaust survivor who became a leading scholar, government legal adviser, diplomat and international judge, his unique reflections offer a first-hand account, built over decades of experience, of how international law is formed, interpreted, and applied under pressure.  I…

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Two Weeks in Review: 29 June—10 July 2026

“The test of a first-rate intelligence,” according to F. Scott Fitzgerald, “is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function.” For international lawyers in these times of the Board of Peace and the Gaza Riviera, this kind of functional cognitive dissonance has become less a…

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Legal Experimentation in International Institutional Law? From the Spanish Civil War and the ‘London Committee’ to Gaza and the ‘Board of Peace’

Much has been said on Trump’s ‘Board of Peace’ (the Board) and much remains to be seen. While the identity of the Board as an international organisation has been discussed (here), other contributions have focused on the corporate dimension of the organisation (here, here and here) or…

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