On 9 July 2025, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR, the Court) issued its long-awaited merits judgment in Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia, a nearly 500-page ruling of unprecedented scale in the Court’s history, which also drew an exceptional number of third-party interventions (discussed here, here, and here). The proceedings consolidated three…

On 12 November 2024, the International Court of Justice (ICJ, ‘the Court’) delivered its ‘twin’ judgments on Azerbaijan’s preliminary objections on jurisdiction in Armenia v. Azerbaijian, and on Armenia’s preliminary objections on jurisdiction and admissibility in Azerbaijan v. Armenia. Both cases, brought in late 2021, invoked Article 36(1) of the ICJ Statute and Article 22 of…