In July 2025, the International Court of Justice issued its landmark advisory opinion on climate change that is ground-breaking in many respects. Among them is the Court’s affirmation that environmental protection is a condition for the enjoyment of human rights and its recognition of the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment (for simplicity, “right to a…

In December 2024, the United Nations General Assembly took an extraordinary step: it adopted, by consensus, a resolution deciding to elaborate and conclude a legally binding instrument on the protection of persons in the event of disasters by 2027, based on the International Law Commission’s 2016 draft articles. This decision marks a rare instance in recent…