Criminal organizations finance, procure, broker, transport, and illegally distribute U.S.‑made weapons throughout Latin America and the Caribbean to fuel political violence in the region. Latin America is experiencing a surge of violence that is neither spontaneous nor locally contained. It is engineered—manufactured, trafficked, and laundered through a hemispheric supply chain that begins overwhelmingly in the United States and…

At the 2025 Biennial Conference of International Economic Law of the American Society of International Law, Sebastian Grund, Legal Counsel at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), presented his research on ultra vires debt. However, Grund’s approach overlooks a critical component in resolving ultra vires debt in sovereign markets: The requirement for full disclosure by issuers to investors.