Since the immobilization of Russian Central Bank (RCB) assets across multiple jurisdictions in response to Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, officials and commentators have debated the legal permissibility as well as the political and economic wisdom of using those assets to fund Ukraine’s defense and reconstruction. While the EU has agreed to issue a loan to Ukraine backed by…

On 23 July 2025, the ICJ delivered its advisory opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change. Although much of the opinion is devoted to the clarification of an extensive set of primary obligations, it also addresses certain key questions in the law of State responsibility stemming from distinctive aspects of climate change,…

In recent years, States have begun to discuss and assess whether and when they may cooperate in the taking of countermeasures. The question has arisen most prominently in debates about the application of international law to cyber operations in light of the fact that cyber-capabilities vary significantly among States, making some more vulnerable to malicious cyber-operations, as well…