This post draws on the work of the International Institute for Space Law (IISL) Working Group on Pluralistic Governance and International Space Law (Chair, Elena Cirkovic). The 2024–2025 climate advisory opinions confirm that neither specialised treaties nor voluntary frameworks can displace customary environmental obligations or operate in isolation from general international law. The opinions reinforce the…

The Iranian satellite, Nour 1, operated by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) was launched on 22 April 2020. The US Space Force (USSF) tracked Nour 1 and its final stage in orbit and added orbital tracking data and orbital parameters for two objects from the launch, the satellite and the rocket third stage, independently confirming the result…