Bruno Simma is a Judge at the Iran-US Claims Tribunal in The Hague, a Professor of Law at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, U.S.A., and a Professor at the University of Munich (retired). Between 2003 and 2012, he was a Judge at the International Court of Justice in The Hague. Before that, from 1996 to 2002, he actively participated, as a member of the UN International Law Commission, in the Commission's work Articles on State Responsibility. Bruno Simma's scholarly work notably explores the role of human rights in international law, the law of state responsibility, and the law of treaties. He is the author, with Alfred Verdross, of Universelles Völkerrecht (Duncker und Humblot, 3rd edition 1984), and an editor of The Charter of the United Nations—A Commentary (3rd edition, Oxford University Press 2012).